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Vision Transformers (ViTs), with the magnificent potential to unravel the information contained within images, have evolved as one of the most contemporary and dominant architectures that are being used in the field of computer vision. These are immensely utilized by plenty of researchers to perform new as well as former experiments. Here, in this article, we investigate the intersection of vision transformers and medical images. We proffered an overview of various ViT based frameworks that are being used by different researchers to decipher the obstacles in medical computer vision. We surveyed the applications of Vision Transformers in different areas of medical computer vision such as image-based disease classification, anatomical structure segmentation, registration, region-based lesion detection, captioning, report generation, and reconstruction using multiple medical imaging modalities that greatly assist in medical diagnosis and hence treatment process. Along with this, we also demystify several imaging modalities used in medical computer vision. Moreover, to get more insight and deeper understanding, the self-attention mechanism of transformers is also explained briefly. Conclusively, the ViT based solutions for each image analytics task are critically analyzed, open challenges are discussed and the pointers to possible solutions for future direction are deliberated. We hope this review article will open future research directions for medical computer vision researchers.
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SESSION TITLE: Unique Inflammatory and Autoimmune Complications of COVID-19 Infections SESSION TYPE: Rapid Fire Case Reports PRESENTED ON: 10/19/2022 12:45 pm - 1:45 pm INTRODUCTION: Sarcoidosis is a disorder with multisystem involvement of unclear, and likely multifactorial, etiology. A majority of cases (up to 90%) include lung involvement, and hilar/mediastinal lymphadenopathy is frequently seen. Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, multiple complications of COVID-19 have been reported. We present a case of a female patient who developed new-onset, biopsy-proven Pulmonary Sarcoidosis after having COVID-19 pneumonia. CASE PRESENTATION: A forty-eight-year-old female with a past medical history of hypertension presented to the emergency department with a complaint of fever, shortness of breath, and cough. She was subsequently diagnosed with COVID-19 infection/pneumonia. A computed tomography angiogram of the chest was completed to evaluate an abnormal chest radiograph and to rule out pulmonary embolism and revealed pulmonary nodules throughout both lungs with mediastinal and hilar lymphadenopathy. She was referred to the pulmonary clinic for further evaluation of her abnormal computed tomography scan of the chest and presented after quarantine for her COVID-19 infection. She denied any history of Sarcoidosis and denied any mold exposure. She underwent bronchoscopy, and pathology results were consistent with non-caseating granulomas concerning for Sarcoidosis. Over the course of a few days, her symptoms improved. Repeat computed tomography scan of the chest was completed, which showed complete resolution of the previously identified pulmonary nodules with interval improvement of mediastinal adenopathy. DISCUSSION: With the increased number of COVID-19 cases worldwide, an ever-growing list of pulmonary and extrapulmonary manifestations of COVID-19 have been reported. To our knowledge based on literature review, there have only been a few case reports of COVID-19 induced Sarcoidosis. Although the pathophysiology of Sarcoidosis largely remains unknown, inflammation is mediated through the dysregulation of several different cytokines (1). Behbahani, et al. proposed noncaseating granulomas formation as a sarcoid-like immune reaction to SARS-CoV-2. Ekinci et al. reported type-I IFN and IFN-γ role in triggering granuloma formation (2). In our patient, the biopsy-proven presence of non-caseating granuloma formation and subsequent rapid improvement of radiological lesions on computed tomography scan after recovery from COVID-19 pneumonia supports the diagnosis of COVID-19 induced Sarcoidosis. CONCLUSIONS: With the COVID-19 pandemic ongoing, physicians must be aware of the pulmonary and extrapulmonary manifestations of COVID-19 infection. Further studies are required in order to manage such cases and to evaluate COVID-19 infection as an infectious antigen capable of triggering granulomatous inflammation resulting in Pulmonary Sarcoidosis. Reference #1: Capaccione KM, McGroder C, Garcia CK, Fedyna S, Saqi A, Salvatore MM. COVID-19-induced pulmonary sarcoid: A case report and review of the literature. Clin Imaging. 2022;83:152-158. doi:10.1016/j.clinimag.2021.12.021 Reference #2: Polat Ekinci A, Büyükbabani N, Meşe S, Pehlivan G, Okumuş NG, Ağaçfidan A, Özkaya E. COVID-19-triggered sarcoidal granulomas mimicking scar sarcoidosis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2021 Aug;35(8):e477-e480. doi: 10.1111/jdv.17286. Epub 2021 May 1. PMID: 33871106;PMCID: PMC8250646. DISCLOSURES: No relevant relationships by Zachary Anderson No relevant relationships by Sakina Batool No relevant relationships by Adnan Khan No relevant relationships by Bireera Muzaffar No relevant relationships by Ramsha Zafar
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The purpose of this study is to probe the impact of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak on stock market returns and volatility in developed markets. We employ a panel quantile regression model to capture unobserved individual heterogeneity and distributional heterogeneity. The study's findings reveal that there is a heterogeneous impact of COVID-19 on stock market returns and volatility. More specifically, there is a negative impact of COVID-19 on stock returns in the bearish stock market;however, there is an insignificant impact of COVID-19 on stock returns in the bullish stock market. Furthermore, COVID-19 has a positive impact on stock market volatility across all quantiles.